Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose
approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events …

Germinal centers (GCs) are distinct microanatomical structures that form in the secondary
lymphoid organs of endothermic vertebrates (ie, mammals and some birds). Within GCs, B …

The concept of stress is notoriously difficult to define, despite its ubiquity in both common
parlance and the scientific literature. Given the clear importance of understanding how …

Ten years ago,'Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian
perspective'was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system …

As the animal welfare community strives to empirically assess how care and management
practices can help maintain or even enhance welfare, the development of tools for non …

In most industrialized countries, allergies have increased in frequency quite dramatically
during the past 50 years. Estimates show that 20–30% of the populations are affected …

Although lymphocyte-like cells secreting somatically-recombining receptors have been
identified in the jawless fishes (hagfish and lamprey), the cartilaginous fishes (sharks …

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is an essential component of the mucosal
immune system in jawed vertebrates including teleost fish, which mediate transepithelial …

Since the identification of a functional Cδ gene in ostriches, immunoglobulin (Ig) D has been
considered to be an extremely evolutionarily conserved Ig isotype besides the IgM found in …

The immune system is comprised of organs, structures, cells, and factors that are directly
involved in the defense activity of the host against pathogens. The immune system in …