RNA molecules can fold into intricate shapes that can provide an additional layer of control
of gene expression beyond that of their sequence. In this Review, we discuss the current …

This review summarizes our current understanding of the major pathway for the initiation
phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on recent advances. We describe …

Gene expression can be regulated post-transcriptionally through dynamic and reversible
RNA modifications. A recent noteworthy example is N 6-methyladenosine (m6A), which …

The stage at which ribosomes are recruited to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) is an elaborate
and highly regulated phase of protein synthesis. Upon completion of this step, a ribosome is …

The chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has
fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the “fifth” ribonucleotide in …

Translation is a key step in the regulation of gene expression and one of the most energy-
consuming processes in the cell. In response to various stimuli, multiple signaling pathways …

Efficient viral gene expression is threatened by cellular stress response programmes that
rapidly reprioritize the translation machinery in response to varied environmental assaults …

In trypanosomes, RNA polymerase II transcription is polycistronic and individual mRNAs are
excised by trans-splicing and polyadenylation. The lack of individual gene transcription …

The past several years have seen dramatic leaps in our understanding of how gene
expression is rewired at the translation level during tumorigenesis to support the …

In eukaryotes, the translation initiation codon is generally identified by the scanning
mechanism, wherein every triplet in the messenger RNA leader is inspected for …