A review of tunnel fire evacuation strategies and state-of-the-art research in China

Y Zhang, X Huang - Fire Technology, 2024‏ - Springer
After over 30 years of fast economic development and massive construction of
infrastructures, China now owns the largest total length of tunnels in the world. However …

Effects of altitude on smoke movement velocity and longitudinal temperature distribution in tunnel fires

B Liu, J Mao, Y **, J Hu - Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2021‏ - Elsevier
The objective of this present study is to explore the effect of altitude on smoke movement
velocity and longitudinal temperature distribution in tunnel fires. A series of tunnel fire …

Experimental investigation on the evacuation performance of pedestrians in a three-lane urban tunnel with natural ventilation in a fire scenario

Y Zhang, Y Shen, R Carvel, H Zhu, Y Zhang… - … and Underground Space …, 2021‏ - Elsevier
This paper presents a field experimental study of several participants' evacuation behaviour
in fire-induced smoke in a bidirectional six-lane, urban tunnel with natural ventilation …

A multi-scale experiment analysis of air entrainment and heat exhaust coefficient under lateral smoke exhaust in tunnel fires

Q Liu, Z Xu, C Fan, X Zhang, J Zhao, H Ying… - … and Underground Space …, 2023‏ - Elsevier
This study investigated the air entrainment caused by a lateral smoke exhaust system via full-
scale and model-scale tests. A particular phenomenon, shear flow, was observed …

Effects of ambient pressure on smoke movement patterns in vertical shafts in tunnel fires with natural ventilation systems

G Yan, M Wang, L Yu, R Duan, P **a - Building simulation, 2020‏ - Springer
Smoke exhaust is of vital importance for life safety and structural safety in a tunnel fire. The
smoke movement pattern could affect smoke exhaust efficiency, so it is necessary to …

Full-scale fire tests in the underwater tunnel section model with sidewall smoke extraction

Y Jiang, T Zhang, S Liu, Q He, L Li, X Huang - Tunnelling and Underground …, 2022‏ - Elsevier
Abstract The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (HZMB) is a 55-km bridge-tunnel system,
including a 6.7-km undersea tunnel that adopts the sidewall smoke extraction system. To …

Numerical study on the critical criterion for predicting the plug-holing under lateral mechanical exhaust in tunnel fires: Considering the effect of smoke flow in …

Z Wang, J Ji, T Tan, Z Gao, Y Zhou, F Zhou - Tunnelling and Underground …, 2022‏ - Elsevier
This paper has analyzed the phenomenon of plug-holing under lateral mechanical exhaust
in tunnel fires by conducting large eddy simulations (LES) with Fire Dynamics Simulator …

Theoretical and numerical study on mass flow rates of smoke exhausted from short vertical shafts in naturally ventilated urban road tunnel fires

Q Guo, YZ Li, H Ingason, Z Yan, H Zhu - Tunnelling and Underground …, 2021‏ - Elsevier
The study focuses on the mass flow rate of the buoyancy-driven gases exhausted from the
shaft in naturally ventilated urban road tunnel fires. Theoretical analyses and numerical …

Smoke flow in full-scale urban road tunnel fires with large cross-sectional vertical shafts

Q Guo, H Zhu, Y Zhang, Y Shen, Y Zhang… - … and Underground Space …, 2020‏ - Elsevier
In this study, a series of full-scale fire tests are performed in a tunnel with large cross-
sectional vertical shafts. The heat release rates and fire locations are considered, and the …

Study on the effect of tunnel dimensions on the smoke layer thickness in naturally ventilated short tunnel fires

L He, Z Xu, F Markert, J Zhao, E **e, Q Liu… - … and Underground Space …, 2021‏ - Elsevier
Smoke layer thickness is a key parameter in tunnel fire research. In this paper, the effects of
the dimensions of the tunnel cross-section and Heat Release Rate (HRR) in naturally …