Over the course of their wildly successful proliferation across the earth, the insects as a
taxon have evolved enviable adaptations to their diverse habitats, which include adhesives …

Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for
other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural …

Nanotextured surfaces (NTSs) are critical to organisms as self-adaptation and survival tools.
These NTSs have been actively mimicked in the process of develo** bactericidal surfaces …

During flight, many insect wings undergo dramatic deformations that are controlled largely
by the architecture of the wing. The pattern of supporting veins in wings varies widely among …

The dynamic, three-dimensional shape of flap** insect wings may influence many aspects
of flight performance. Insect wing deformations during flight are largely passive, and are …

Dragonfly wings are highly corrugated, which increases the stiffness and strength of the
wing significantly, and results in a lightweight structure with good aerodynamic performance …

Numerous natural surfaces have micro/nanostructures that result in extraordinary
functionality, such as superhydrophobicity, self‐cleaning, antifogging, and antimicrobial …

Insect wings lack internal muscles, and the orderly, necessary deformations which they
undergo in flight and folding are in part remotely controlled, in part encoded in their …

Powered flight was once a capability limited only to animals, but by identifying useful
attributes of animal flight and building on these with technological advances, engineers …

During the lifetime of a flying insect, its wings are subjected to mechanical forces and
deformations for millions of cycles. Defects in the micrometre thin membranes or veins may …