The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

In the past decade, evidence for a fluid clearance pathway in the central nervous system
known as the glymphatic system has grown. According to the glymphatic system concept …

Macrophages are important players in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Perivascular
and leptomeningeal macrophages reside near the central nervous system (CNS) …

Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the
lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns …

The brain glymphatic system is involved in the clearance of misfolding α-synuclein, the
impaired glymphatic system may contribute to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive
memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its …

The glymphatic system, that is aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitated exchange of CSF with
interstitial fluid (ISF), may provide a clearance pathway for protein species such as amyloid …

Perivascular spaces include a variety of passageways around arterioles, capillaries and
venules in the brain, along which a range of substances can move. Although perivascular …

There has been concern about possible long-term sequelae resembling myalgic
encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in COVID-19 patients. Clarifying the …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …