Abstract l-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) remains the most effective symptomatic
treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term administration of l-DOPA is …

Understanding the biological mechanisms of l‐dopa‐induced motor complications is
dependent on our ability to investigate these phenomena in animal models of Parkinson's …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified
as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently …

Long‐term dopamine replacement therapy with l‐DOPA in Parkinson's disease often leads
to the development of abnormal involuntary movements known as l‐DOPA‐induced …

Sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment has been shown to be an effective therapy for treatment-
resistant depression and chronic pain. Our group has previously shown that sub-anesthetic …

Background Freezing of gait (FOG) is a major cause of falling in Parkinson's disease (PD)
and can be responsive or unresponsive to levodopa. Pathophysiology is poorly understood …

Evidence supporting the use of β2AR agonists in synucleinopathies is rapidly growing.
Findings come from different scientific approaches. Molecular and immunological data …

The quest to better understand the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and to find
new therapies to provide greater relief to affected patients continues. The use of animal …

Background and Purpose Treatment of P arkinson's disease (PD) with L‐DOPA eventually
causes abnormal involuntary movements known as dyskinesias in most patients. Dyskinesia …

Abstract l-DOPA remains the benchmark treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) motor
symptoms, but chronic use leads to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). The serotonin (5-HT) …