Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

The acquisition of genetic alterations, clonal evolution, and the tumor microenvironment
promote cancer progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. These events correspond …

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and cancer incidence and mortality are
rapidly growing. These massive amounts of cancer patients require rapid diagnosis and …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), the subpopulation of cancer cells, have the capability of
proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. The presence of CSCs is a key factor leading …

Background Lung cancer has high morbidity and mortality worldwide with non-small cell
lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of the cases. Therapies for lung cancer have …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of different cellular populations, such as
stromal, immune, endothelial, and cancer stem cells. TME represents a key factor for tumor …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes epithelial cells to lose their polarity and
adhesion property, and endows them with migratory and invasive properties to enable them …

Complexity in mechanisms that drive cancer development and progression is exemplified by
the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which suppresses early-stage …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the key “seeds” for tumor initiation and development,
metastasis, and recurrence. Because of the function of CSCs in tumor development and …

Exosomes are extracellular membranous vesicles that are secreted by various cell types.
Exosomes have become indispensable facilitators in the exchange of information between …