Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from
diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response …

Salt stress is a major environmental stress that affects plant growth and development. Plants
are sessile and thus have to develop suitable mechanisms to adapt to high-salt …

Plants resist attacks by pathogens via innate immune responses, which are initiated by cell
surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding …

Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are major immune receptors in
plants and animals. Upon activation, the Arabidopsis NLR protein ZAR1 forms a pentameric …

All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately
respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern …

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) regulate immunity and cell
death. In Arabidopsis, a subfamily of “helper” NLRs is required by many “sensor” NLRs …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for life and are involved in the regulation of
almost all biological processes. ROS production is critical for plant development, response …

Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Plants employ numerous cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive a
variety of immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection and subsequently …

Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …