Photoheterotrophic microbes, such as proteorhodopsin (PR)‐based phototrophic (PRP) and
aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, are well known to be abundant in the …

We demonstrate that channelrhodopsin-2 (CR), a light-gated ion channel that is
conventionally activated by using visible-light excitation, can also be activated by using IR …

Although chemists, biochemists, biologists, and material scientists are often interested in
using nonlinear optical techniques for characterizing their samples, they seldom have the …

Molecular excitation by two-photon absorption holds great promise for vital imaging of
biological systems using laser-scanning microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy, which can …

The promise of new architectures and more cost-effective miniaturization has prompted
interest in molecular and biomolecular electronics. Bioelectronics offers valuable near-term …

In the CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology: Supplement 2, experts summarize
the discovery and properties of new optical materials that have appeared since the …

Rhodopsins had long been considered non-fluorescent until a peculiar voltage-sensitive
fluorescence was reported for archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch3) derivatives. These proteins …

Microbial rhodopsin–derived genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are powerful
tools for map** bioelectrical dynamics in cell culture and in live animals. Förster …

Rhodopsins can modulate the optical properties of their chromophores over a wide range of
wavelengths. The mechanism for this spectral tuning is based on the response of the retinal …

The mechanism of color tuning in the rhodopsin family of proteins has been studied by
comparing the optical properties of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and …