Zinc is known to be indispensable to growth and development and transmission of the
genetic message. It does this through a remarkable mosaic of zinc binding motifs that …

Botulinum toxin is a uniquely potent substance synthesized by the organisms Clostridium
botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum. This toxin, which acts …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the causative agent of botulism, is acknowledged to be the
most poisonous protein known. BoNT proteases disable synaptic vesicle exocytosis by …

The concept of the “leaky gut” has received increasing attention in the lay press and also in
the scientific literature of late due to its associations with numerous gastrointestinal (GI) and …

Objective: To perform an evidence-based review of the safety and efficacy of botulinum
neurotoxin (BoNT) in the treatment of adult and childhood spasticity. Methods: A literature …

The toxic products of the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum,
Clostridium barati and Clostridium tetani are the causative agents of botulism and tetanus …

Botulinal neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium are
the most toxic proteins known, with mouse LD50 values in the range of 1–5ng/kg. They are …

Mammalian hosts interface intimately with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is
increasingly clear that molecular interactions between the nervous system and microbes …

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the paralytic human disease botulism and are
one of the highest-risk threat agents for bioterrorism. To generate a pharmaceutical to …

Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in
severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming …