Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature
tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are …

Drug development is a lengthy and costly process that proceeds through several stages
from target identification to lead discovery and optimization, preclinical validation and …

An organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic cell culture device created with microchip manufacturing
methods that contains continuously perfused chambers inhabited by living cells arranged to …

The functional maturation and preservation of hepatic cells derived from human induced
pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are essential to personalized in vitro drug screening and …

The emergence of tissue engineering raises new possibilities for the study of complex
physiological and pathophysiological processes in vitro. Many tools are now available to …

Microsystems create new opportunities for the spatial and temporal control of cell growth
and stimuli by combining surfaces that mimic complex biochemistries and geometries of the …

Background There is overwhelming evidence that in vitro three-dimensional tumor cell
cultures more accurately reflect the complex in vivo microenvironment than simple two …

Tissue function depends on hierarchical structures extending from single cells (∼ 10 μm) to
functional subunits (100 μm–1 mm) that coordinate organ functions. Conventional cell …

Abstract 3D bioprinting is emerging as a promising technology for fabricating complex tissue
constructs with tailored biological components and mechanical properties. Recent advances …

Drug metabolism can produce metabolites with physicochemical and pharmacological
properties that differ substantially from those of the parent drug, and consequently has …