Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a 299-aminoacid protein encoded by the APOE gene. Three
common polymorphisms in the APOE gene, ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4, result in a single aminoacid …

Background: There is limited and inconsistent information on the clinical determinants of
cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The aim of this study was to …

Prevalence estimates of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) range from 40% to
65%, depending on the research setting. Cognitive dysfunction virtually encompasses all the …

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling neuroinflammatory disease. Psychiatric
manifestations have a high prevalence in MS patients and may worsen the illness …

Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), especially when assessed by
neuropsychological tests that emphasize mental processing speed, episodic memory, and …

Astrocytes are essential for the development and homeostatic maintenance of the central
nervous system (CNS). They are also critical players in the CNS injury response during …

Background Women are more susceptible to multiple sclerosis (MS) than men by a ratio of
approximately 3: 1. However, being male is a risk factor for worse disability progression …

To date, scientific research has often focused on one sex, with assumptions that study of the
other sex would yield similar results. However, many diseases affect males and females …

Menopause is associated with cognitive deficits and brain atrophy, but the brain region and
cell-specific mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we identify a sex hormone by age …