The striatal and pallidal complexes are basal ganglia structures that orchestrate learning
and execution of flexible behavior. Models of how the basal ganglia subserve these …

The activity of the GABAergic neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) has long been
known to play important roles in modulating the flow of information through the thalamus and …

Striatal acetylcholine and dopamine critically regulate movement, motivation, and reward-
related learning. Pauses in cholinergic interneuron (CIN) firing are thought to coincide with …

Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops are largely conceived as parallel circuits that
process limbic, associative, and sensorimotor information separately. Whether and how …

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)—a type of neurodevelopmental disorder—
is increasing and is around 2% in North America, Asia, and Europe. Besides the known …

Striatal activity is dynamically modulated by acetylcholine and dopamine, both of which are
essential for basal ganglia function. Synchronized pauses in the activity of striatal …

To understand striatal function, it is essential to know the functional organization of the
numerous inputs targeting the diverse population of striatal neurons. Using optogenetics, we …

Cholinergic neurons comprise a small population of cells in the striatum but have
fundamental roles in fine tuning brain function, and in the etiology of neurological and …

The prevailing view is that parvalbumin (PV) interneurons play modulatory roles in
emotional response through local medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). Here, we show …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established and effective treatment for patients with
advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic …