Abstract Language behaviour is complex, but neuroscientific evidence disentangles it into
distinct components supported by dedicated brain areas or networks. In this Review, we …

Transformer models such as GPT generate human-like language and are predictive of
human brain responses to language. Here, using functional-MRI-measured brain responses …

A comprehensive neural model of language must accommodate four components:
representations, operations, structures and encoding. Recent intracranial research has …

Human language is expressive because it is compositional: The meaning of a sentence
(semantics) can be inferred from its structure (syntax). It is commonly believed that language …

A network of left frontal and temporal brain regions supports language processing. This
“core” language network stores our knowledge of words and constructions as well as …

For bilinguals, speaking in a second language (L2) compared to the native language (L1) is
usually more difficult. In this study we asked whether the difficulty in L2 production reflects …

Left hemisphere damage in adulthood often leads to linguistic deficits, but many cases of
early damage leave linguistic processing preserved, and a functional language system can …

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, particularly in
multilingual contexts. While recent studies suggest that LLMs can transfer skills learned in …

The field of human cognitive neuroscience is increasingly acknowledging inter-individual
differences in the precise locations of functional areas and the corresponding need for …

What constitutes a language? Natural languages share features with other domains: from
math, to music, to gesture. However, the brain mechanisms that process linguistic input are …