All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The
urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of …

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is characterized by bladder and/or pelvic
pain, increased urinary urgency and frequency and nocturia. The pathophysiology of IC/BPS …

Inflammation usually results in high‐level reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive
nitrogen species (RNS) not only in acidic tissue but also in alkaline tissue. However …

Purpose To describe the clinical features of a unique pigmentary maculopathy noted in the
setting of chronic exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS), a therapy for interstitial …

Importance A unique pigmentary maculopathy was recently described in 6 patients with long-
term exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS), a long-standing oral therapy for …

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a severely debilitating and chronic disorder with unclear etiology
and pathophysiology, which makes the diagnosis difficult and treatment challenging. To …

The urinary system, primarily responsible for the filtration of blood and waste, is affected by
several infectious and inflammatory conditions. Focusing on the lower tract, this review …

Hunner-type interstitial cystitis (HIC) is a rare, chronic inflammatory disease of the urinary
bladder with unknown etiology and genetic background. Here, we conduct a genome-wide …

Objectives: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is considered by the American
Psychological Association as an evidence-based treatment for a variety of disorders …

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a common chronic pelvic disorder with
sensory symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency, and pain, indicating a key role for …