The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone
(TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the …

Living organisms show seasonality in a wide array of functions such as reproduction,
fattening, hibernation, and migration. At temperate latitudes, changes in photoperiod …

Photoperiodism is the ability of plants and animals to measure environmental day length to
ascertain time of year. Central to the evolution of photoperiodism in animals is the adaptive …

Organisms use changes in photoperiod for seasonal reproduction to maximize the survival
of their offspring. Birds have sophisticated seasonal mechanisms and are therefore excellent …

Local thyroid hormone catabolism within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) by thyroid
hormone-activating (DIO2) and-inactivating (DIO3) enzymes regulates seasonal …

Seasonal adaptations in physiology exhibited by many animals involve an interface
between biological timing and specific neuroendocrine systems, but the molecular basis of …

In seasonally breeding vertebrates, changes in day length induce categorically distinct
behavioral and reproductive phenotypes via thyroid hormone-dependent mechanisms …

Most vertebrates living outside the tropical zone show robust physiological responses in
response to seasonal changes in photoperiod, such as seasonal reproduction, molt, and …

In the central nervous system (CNS) the function of retinoic acid, the active metabolite of
vitamin A, is best understood from its action in guiding embryonic development; as …

Organisms living outside the tropics use changes in photoperiod to adapt to seasonal
changes in the environment. Several models have contributed to an understanding of this …