Parkinson's disease prevalence is rapidly increasing in an aging global population. With this
increase comes exponentially rising social and economic costs, emphasizing the immediate …

Voltage-gated calcium channels are required for many key functions in the body. In this
review, the different subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels are described and their …

Almost all polymerase II transcripts undergo alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Here, we review
the functions of alternative splicing events that have been experimentally determined. The …

The basal ganglia are a chain of subcortical nuclei that facilitate action selection. Two striatal
projection systems—so-called direct and indirect pathways—form the functional backbone of …

Dopamine shapes a wide variety of psychomotor functions. This is mainly accomplished by
modulating cortical and thalamic glutamatergic signals im**ing upon principal medium …

Why dopamine-containing neurons of the brain's substantia nigra pars compacta die in
Parkinson's disease has been an enduring mystery. Our studies suggest that the unusual …

The striatum is widely viewed as the fulcrum of pathophysiology in Parkinson's disease (PD)
and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In these disease states, the balance in activity of …

Parkinson disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that leads to difficulty in
effectively translating thought into action. Although it is known that dopaminergic neurons …

The striatum has been involved in complex behaviors such as motor control, learning,
decision-making, reward and aversion. The striatum is mainly composed of medium spiny …

Across all kingdoms in the tree of life, calcium (Ca2+) is an essential element used by cells
to respond and adapt to constantly changing environments. In multicellular organisms, it …