Background: Opioid abuse has increased at an alarming rate. However, available evidence
suggests a wide variance in the use of opioids, as documented by different medical …

Background: The evolution of military medical care to manage polytrauma, critically ill-
wounded warriors from the greater war on terrorism has been accompanied by significant …

Written for practitioners in the field, this critically acclaimed bestseller provides authoritative
information focused on the investigation of drug-related deaths and practical approaches to …

The outcome of microbial infection in an organism is a dynamic process that depends on
factors derived from both the microorganism and the host. In chronic human infections, the …

Patients prescribed morphine for the management of chronic pain, and chronic heroin
abusers, often present with complications such as increased susceptibility to opportunistic …

Opioid addiction influences many physiological functions including reactions of the immune
system. The objective of this study was to investigate the immune system function in heroin …

Radical mastectomy may lead to suppression of cellular immune function in patients with
malignant tumors. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) is widely used in …

Illicit drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates alter immune function
and decrease host resistance to microbes in vitro and in experimental animal models …

Background There have been few studies conducted on the oral health status of illegal drug
users in China, affecting the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches. The …

Objective–To review the immunomodulatory effects of opioids. Data Sources–Original
research publications and review articles using the PubMed search engine with the …