Global plate motion models provide a spatial and temporal framework for geological data
and have been effective tools for exploring processes occurring at the earth's surface …

Arctic sea-ice extent and volume are declining rapidly. Several studies project that the Arctic
Ocean may become seasonally ice-free by the year 2040 or even earlier. Putting this into …

The fish faunas of continental South and Central America constitute one of the greatest
concentrations of aquatic diversity on Earth, consisting of about 10 percent of all living …

The book presents an up-to-date, detailed overview of the Quaternary glaciations all over
the world, not only with regard to stratigraphy but also with regard to major glacial landforms …

It has been more than a decade since the appearance of the First Edition of this book. Much
progress has been made, but some controversies remain. The original ideas of Sloss and of …

The global climate system experienced a series of drastic changes during the Cenozoic. In
Asia, these include the climate transformation from a zonal pattern to a monsoon-dominated …

• The sustained rate of increase over the past century in the combined radiative forcing from
the three well-mixed greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous …

Marine gateways play a critical role in the exchange of water, heat, salt and nutrients
between oceans and seas. As a result, changes in gateway geometry can significantly alter …

Fundamental differences in the distribution of oceans and landmasses in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres potentially impact patterns of biological diversity in the two areas …

Arctic amplification, the observation that surface air temperature changes in the Arctic
exceed those of the Northern Hemisphere as a whole, is a pervasive feature of climate …