Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized
by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical
functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that …

During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to …

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is an important molecule bridging the nervous and
immune systems. DA through autocrine/paracrine manner modulates the functions of …

Significance: Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is a major contributor in the
pathogenesis of several highly prevalent, but also rare, neurological diseases. In particular …

Peripheral inflammation triggers exacerbation in the central brain′ s ongoing damage in
several neurodegenerative diseases. Systemic inflammatory stimulus induce a general …

Parkinson's disease (PD) comprises a spectrum of disorders with differing subtypes, the vast
majority of which share Lewy bodies (LB) as a characteristic pathological hallmark. The …

Studies in the last decade have suggested the association of both neuroinflammatory
processes and immune responses in Parkinson disease (PD) pathology. PD pathology is …

Aims Current no effective therapy is available to halt the progression of Parkinson's disease
(PD). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of PD. The present study …