Until recently, the assumption of the language-teaching literature has been that new
languages are best taught and learned monolingually, without the use of the students' own …

This chapter reviews recent theoretical and empirical literature regarding teachers' uses of
the target (TL) and first (L1) languages in second (SL) and foreign (FL) language …

Routledge Introductions to Applied Linguistics is a series of introductory level textbooks
covering the core topics in Applied Linguistics, primarily designed for those beginning …

This paper argues for the re-examination of the time-honoured view that the first language
should be avoided in the classroom by teachers and students. The justifications for this rest …

For many decades, foreign language teaching has been dominated by the principle that
teachers should use only the target language (TL) and avoid using the mother tongue (L1) …

This article presents the results of an anonymous, Internet‐based questionnaire study on
target language (TL) and first language (L1) use in university‐level foreign language (FL) …

Implicit/explicit knowledge constitutes a key distinction in the study of second language
acquisition. This book reports a project that investigated ways of measuring implicit/explicit …

This is a vocabulary research manual. It aims to give you the background knowledge
necessary to design rigorous and effective research studies into the behavior of L1 and L2 …

This comprehensive guide to research and debate centres around language learning in
childhood, the age factor and the different contexts where language learning happens …

An enduring issue in immersion education focuses on the appropriate use of the L1 in the
one-way or two-way immersion classroom. In this article we discuss several key constructs …