The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …

The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …

In 1996 Joseph LeDoux's The Emotional Brain presented a revelatory examination of the
biological bases of our emotions and memories. Now, the world-renowned expert on the …

The oxytocin receptor has been implicated in the regulation of reproductive physiology as
well as social and emotional behaviors. The neurochemical mechanisms by which oxytocin …

There are conflicting results on the function of 5-HT in anxiety and depression. To reconcile
this evidence, Deakin and Graeff have suggested that the ascending 5-HT pathway that …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

This review assesses the parallel data on the role of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in
depression and anxiety. We review historical and new data from both animal and human …

The G protein‐coupled metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are differentially localized
at various synapses throughout the brain. Depending on the receptor subtype, they appear …

Nicotine has been shown to have effects on anxiety and depression in both human and
animal studies. These studies suggest that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can …

The natural defensive behaviors of laboratory mice have been evaluated in both seminatural
and highly structured situations; and characterized in terms of eliciting stimuli, response to …