Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

Naturally occurring tropical Pacific variations at timescales of 7–70 years—tropical Pacific
decadal variability (TPDV)—describe basin-scale sea surface temperature (SST), sea-level …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

A severe agricultural drought swept Central Asia in 2021, causing mass die-offs of crops and
livestock. The anthropogenic contribution to declines in soil moisture in this region over …

The great river systems originating from the Tibetan Plateau are pivotal for the wellbeing of
more than half the global population. Our understanding of historical ranges and future …

The Amazon basin is the largest watershed on Earth. Although the variability of the Amazon
hydrological cycle has been increasing since the late 1990s, its underlying causes have …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

El Niño events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern
Pacific El Niño events have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest in the far …

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North
Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research …

Recent ice loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has been caused by ocean melting of ice
shelves in the Amundsen Sea. Eastward wind anomalies at the shelf break enhance the …