This paper reviews mainly conceptual models and experimental work, in the field and in the
laboratory, dedicated during the last decades to studying turbulence of breaking waves and …

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a method for resolving the time-dependent structure of high
Reynolds number, turbulent flows. With LES it is possible to model and track the behaviour …

A free surface may be deformed by fluid motions; such deformation may lead to surface
roughness, breakup, or disintegration. This paper describes the wide range of free-surface …

Laboratory measurements of gas-transfer velocity and free-surface hydrodynamics were
made for oscillating grid-stirred turbulence. Air–water gas-transfer velocities were …

The large-scale vortex structures under spilling and plunging breakers are investigated,
using a fully three-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES). When an overturning jet …

Time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements were performed in smooth-walled
open channels to investigate the contributions of very large-scale motions (VLSMs) to the …

The water surface response to subcritical turbulent flow over a backward-facing step (BFS) is
studied via high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES). The LES method is validated first …

We investigate the turbulence below a quasi-flat free surface, focusing on the energy
transport in space and across scales. We leverage a large zero-mean-flow tank where …

In this paper we investigate the large-eddy simulation (LES) of the interaction between a
turbulent shear flow and a free surface at low Froude numbers. The benchmark flow field is …

In turbulence near a free surface, strong vortices attach to the surface, creating surface
imprints visible as nearly circular 'dimples'. By studying these imprints in direct numerical …