Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal
transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell …

The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the
immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling …

It has long been recognized that an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modify
the cell‐signaling proteins and have functional consequences, which successively mediate …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism
as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Oxidative …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the foremost type of dementia that afflicts considerable morbidity
and mortality in aged population. Several transcription molecules, pathways, and molecular …

Erythropoiesis is a multi‐step process that involves the differentiation of hematopoietic stem
cells into mature red blood cells (RBCs). This process is regulated by several signaling …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), highly reactive molecules, are produced by living
organisms as a result ofnormal cellular metabolism and environmental factors, and can …

The C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway connects nutrient levels to metabolism,
growth, development, longevity, and behavior. This fundamental pathway is regulated by …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway regulates cell growth,
proliferation, survival, mobility and invasion. Mitogen-activated protein kinase …

Carcinogenesis involves uncontrolled cell growth, which follows the activation of oncogenes
and/or the deactivation of tumor suppression genes. Metastasis requires down-regulation of …