Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs
categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the …

Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral
components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), one of the major pandemic diseases. Highly active antiretroviral therapy …

Effective antivirals have been developed against specific viruses, such as HIV, Hepatitis C
virus and influenza virus. This' one bug–one drug'approach to antiviral drug development …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases and a
prototypic inflammatory disease, affecting the small joints of the hands and feet. Chemokines …

Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in
multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL …

Antibodies are an important component in host immune responses to viral pathogens.
Because of their unique maturation process, antibodies can evolve to be highly specific to …

SARS-CoV-2 precipitates respiratory distress by infection of airway epithelial cells and is
often accompanied by acute kidney injury. We report that Kidney Injury Molecule-1/T cell …

For almost three decades following the discovery of the human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) the
early events of virus infection (attachment to hepatocytes, specific binding to a receptor on …

ABSTRACT HIV reservoirs persist despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are established
within a few days after infection. Infected myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) …