Processing of biowaste with larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L.(Diptera:
Stratiomyidae), is an emerging waste treatment technology. Larvae grown on biowaste can …

Organisms evolve in response to their natural environment. Consideration of natural
ecological parameters are thus of key importance for our understanding of an organism's …

The health and fitness of animals, including humans, are influenced by the presence and
composition of resident microbial communities. The development of rational microbial …

The notion of the “biological individual” is crucial to studies of genetics, immunology,
evolution, development, anatomy, and physiology. Each of these biological subdisciplines …

The hologenome concept of evolution postulates that the holobiont (host plus symbionts)
with its hologenome (host genome plus microbiome) is a level of selection in evolution …

The symbiosis between cnidarians (eg, corals or sea anemones) and intracellular
dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium is of immense ecological importance. In …

The evolution of life on earth has been driven by a small number of major evolutionary
transitions. These transitions have been characterized by individuals that could previously …

Animals are distinguished by having guts—organs that must extract nutrients from food yet
also bar invasion by pathogens. Most guts are colonized by nonpathogenic microorganisms …

Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts interact in complex underground
networks involving multiple partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and …

Every mammalian species harbours a gut microbiota, and variation in the gut microbiota
within mammalian species can have profound effects on host phenotypes. In this review, we …