A protein's sequence determines its conformational energy landscape. This, in turn,
determines the protein's function. Understanding the evolution of new protein functions …

For more than 3.5 billion years, life experienced dramatic environmental extremes on Earth.
These include shifts from oxygen-less to overoxygenated atmospheres and cycling between …

Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including
optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and …

Color vision in insects is determined by signaling cascades, central to which are opsin
proteins, resulting in sensitivity to light at different wavelengths. In certain insect groups …

In animals, opsins and cryptochromes are major protein families that transduce light signals
when bound to light-absorbing chromophores. Opsins are involved in various light …

Cetaceans are fully aquatic mammals that descended from terrestrial ancestors, an iconic
evolutionary transition characterized by adaptations for underwater foraging via breath-hold …

Nonvisual opsins are transmembrane proteins expressed in the eyes and other tissues of
many animals. When paired with a light-sensitive chromophore, nonvisual opsins form …

Background Predicting phenotypes from genetic variation is foundational for fields as
diverse as bioengineering and global change biology, highlighting the importance of …

Extreme environments, such as Antarctic habitats, present major challenges for many
biological processes. Antarctic icefishes (Crynotothenioidea) represent a compelling system …

Rhodopsin comprises an opsin attached to a retinal chromophore and is the only visual
pigment conferring dim-light vision in vertebrates. On activation by photons, the retinal group …