The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in
tissues—prominently in muscle, fat and liver—is one of the earliest manifestations of a …

All species continuously evolve short open reading frames (sORFs) that can be templated
for protein synthesis and may provide raw materials for evolutionary adaptation. We …

Mammalian cells respond to stress by activating mechanisms that support cellular functions
and hence maintain microenvironmental and organismal homeostasis. Intracellular …

Omics-based technologies have revolutionized our understanding of the coding potential of
the genome. In particular, these studies revealed widespread unannotated open reading …

Several metabolic alterations accumulate over time along with a reduction in biological
fitness, suggesting the existence of a" metabolic clock" that controls aging. Multiple inborn …

No longer viewed as a metabolic waste product and cause of muscle fatigue, a
contemporary view incorporates the roles of lactate in metabolism, sensing and signaling in …

The aging process is driven by interrelated mechanisms that lead to the emergence of
characteristic phenotypes that include changes in body composition, energy production and …

Mitochondria participate in crucial cellular processes such as energy harvesting and
intermediate metabolism. Although mitochondria possess their own genome—a vestige of …

The mechanisms that explain mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and healthspan continue to
be studied, but one element has been unexplored: microproteins. Small open reading …