We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

The first ground-level enhancement of the current Solar Cycle 25 occurred on 28 October
2021. It was observed by several space-borne and ground-based instruments, specifically …

During solar storms, the Sun expels large amounts of energetic particles (SEP) that can
react with the Earth's atmospheric constituents and produce cosmogenic radionuclides such …

On 28 October 2021, solar eruptions caused intense and long‐lasting solar energetic
particle (SEP) flux enhancements observed by spacecraft located over a wide longitudinal …

Discovery of frequent superflares on active cool stars opened a new avenue in
understanding the properties of eruptive events and their impact on exoplanetary …

The conventional definition of ground-level enhancement (GLE) events requires a detection
of solar energetic particles (SEP) by at least two differently located neutron monitors. Some …

Extreme solar particle events (ESPEs) are rare and the most potent known processes of
solar eruptive activity. During ESPEs, a vast amount of cosmogenic isotopes (CIs) 10Be …

Aims. Continuous measurements of ground-based neutron monitors (NMs) form the main
data source for studying high-energy high-intensity solar energetic particle (SEP) events that …

Our direct knowledge of solar eruptive events is limited to several decades and does not
include extreme events, which can only be studied by the indirect proxy method over …