Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as
precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these
specialized plastids are largely dependent on the~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle …

Chloroplasts are organelles of endosymbiotic origin that perform essential functions in
plants. They contain about 3000 different proteins, the vast majority of which are nucleus …

An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant defective in chloroplast protein import was isolated and the
mutant locus, cia5, identified by map-based cloning. CIA5 is a 21-kD integral membrane …

Chloroplasts must import thousands of nuclear-encoded preproteins synthesized in the
cytosol through two successive protein translocons at the outer and inner envelope …

Toc75 (translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, 75 kD) is the protein
translocation channel at the outer envelope membrane of plastids and was first identified in …

High-throughput protein localization studies require multiple strategies. Mass spectrometric
analysis of defined cellular fractions is one of the complementary approaches to a diverse …

The recently completed genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was surveyed for
components of the chloroplast protein translocation complexes. Putative components were …

Import of most nuclear encoded proteins into plastids is directed by an N-terminal transit
peptide. Early studies suggested that transit peptides are interchangeable between …