The functioning of the immune system is finely balanced by the activities of pro-inflammatory
and anti-inflammatory mediators or cytokines. Unregulated activities of these mediators can …

The specific role of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR) system in disease
pathogenesis still remains an unresolved puzzle. Recent studies in transgenic and knockout …

Objective Gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely linked to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). We aimed to identify potential probiotic gut microbes that can ameliorate the …

We addressed the impact of deleting TNF AU-rich elements (ARE) from the mouse genome
on the regulation of TNF biosynthesis and the physiology of the host. Absence of the ARE …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is overproduced in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
and, based on its multiple stimulatory effects on cells of the immune system and on vascular …

The detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid
arthritis, a disease driven by proinflammatory cytokines, are still unknown. To address the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial components and trigger the inflammatory and
immune responses against pathogens. IκBζ (also known as MAIL and INAP) is an ankyrin …

TNF antagonists are effective treatments for rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn′ s disease, and
have been tried with variable success in other diseases caused by immune damage. To test …

The increasing use of transgenic mice for the study of pain mechanisms necessitates
comprehensive understanding of the murine somatosensory system. Using an in vivo mouse …

Chapter summary Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine
and endothelial cells are the principal cellular targets of its actions. Here I review the …