Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore
biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through …

The intricate and complex features of enzymatic reaction networks (ERNs) play a key role in
the emergence and sustenance of life. Constructing such networks in vitro enables stepwise …

Insufficient intracellular anabolism is a crucial factor involved in many pathological
processes in the body,. The anabolism of intracellular substances requires the consumption …

The bottom-up assembly of biological and chemical components opens exciting
opportunities to engineer artificial vesicular systems for applications with previously unmet …

Bottom‐up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and
function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry …

Cells are integral to all forms of life due to their compartmentalization by the plasma
membrane. However, living organisms are immensely complex. Thus there is a need for …

Nature integrates complex biosynthetic and energy-converting tasks within compartments
such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Chloroplasts convert light into chemical energy …

Attempts to construct an artificial cell have widened our understanding of living organisms.
Many intracellular systems have been reconstructed by assembling molecules, however the …

Advancing the spontaneous bottom-up construction of artificial cells with high organizational
complexity and diverse functionality remains an unresolved issue at the interface between …

CO2 sequestration engineering is an attractive strategy for achieving carbon-and energy-
efficient bioproduction. However, the efficiency of heterotrophic CO2 sequestration is limited …