Genetically engineered corn and cotton that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been used to manage insect pests in the United …

Transgenic crops have revolutionized insect pest control, but their effectiveness has been
reduced by evolution of resistance in pests. We analyzed global monitoring data reported …

Transgenic crop pyramids producing two or more Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that kill
the same insect pest have been widely used to delay evolution of pest resistance. To assess …

Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. However, field resistance …

The primary strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops that
produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) entails refuges of plants that do …

Background Transgenic corn engineered with genes expressing insecticidal toxins from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)(Bt) are now a major tool in insect pest …

Entomopathogenic bacteria produce insecticidal proteins that accumulate in inclusion
bodies or parasporal crystals (such as the Cry and Cyt proteins) as well as insecticidal …

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is a major target pest of Bt crops (eg,
corn, cotton, and soybean) in North and South America. This pest has recently invaded …

BACKGROUND Crops genetically engineered to make insect‐killing proteins from Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) have revolutionized management of some pests. However, the benefits of …

Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the benefits of crops genetically engineered to
produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Because of the widespread …