After nearly four decades of research, a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive.
There are many reasons why the development of a potent and durable HIV-1 vaccine is …

Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies
required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds …

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been
induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare …

Vaccines generate high-affinity antibodies by recruiting antigen-specific B cells to germinal
centers (GCs), but the mechanisms governing the recruitment to GCs on secondary …

Vaccine efficacy can be increased by arraying immunogens in multivalent form on virus-like
nanoparticles to enhance B-cell activation. However, the effects of antigen copy number …

A key barrier to the development of vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies
(bnAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses of high antigenic …

In this Review, we highlight some recent developments in the discovery and application of
broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); ie …

How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood.
Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated …

Adjuvants are central to the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Aluminum hydroxide (alum) is the
most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, yet its adjuvanticity is often weak and mechanisms …

Antibodies serve as critical barriers to viral infection. Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved
through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in …