Understanding how and when the left–right (LR) axis is first established is a fundamental
question in developmental biology. A popular model is that the LR axis is established …

The left-right (LR) asymmetry of visceral organs is fundamental to their function and position
within the body. Over the past decade or so, the molecular mechanisms underlying the …

Monogenic diseases are frequent causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and disease
presentations are often undifferentiated at birth. More than 3500 monogenic diseases have …

WNT ligands induce Ca2+ signalling on target cells. PKD1 (polycystin 1) is considered an
orphan, atypical G-protein-coupled receptor complexed with TRPP2 (polycystin 2 or PKD2) …

This FlyBook chapter summarizes the history and the current state of our understanding of
the Wingless signaling pathway. Wingless, the fly homolog of the mammalian Wnt …

Vital internal organs display a left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement that is established
during embryonic development. Disruption of this LR asymmetry—or laterality—can result in …

Background Heterotaxy-spectrum cardiovascular disorders are challenging for traditional
genetic analyses because of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and …

Background Colorectal cancer is an important death‐related disease in the worldwide.
However, specific colon cancer tumor markers currently used for diagnosis and treatment …

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and characterised by impairments in
social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. Considering …

The heart is laterally asymmetric. Not only is it positioned on the left side of the body but the
organ itself is asymmetric. This patterning occurs across scales: at the organism level …