Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra
are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

Global surface temperature has been setting new record highs in the recent decades,
imposing increasing environmental challenges for societies and ecosystems worldwide …

Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Aim Biomes worldwide are shifting with global change. Biomes whose extents are limited by
temperature or precipitation, such as the tundra and savanna, may be particularly strongly …

A multitude of disturbance agents, such as wildfires, land use, and climate‐driven expansion
of woody shrubs, is transforming the distribution of plant functional types across Arctic …

Soils are sources of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) globally, but emissions
from permafrost-affected soils have been considered negligible owing to nitrogen (N) …

Numerous studies have reported that treelines are moving to higher elevations and higher
latitudes. Most treelines are temperature limited and warmer climate expands the area in …