Exceptional drought events, known as megadroughts, have occurred on every continent
outside Antarctica over the past~ 2,000 years, causing major ecological and societal …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the Explaining Extreme Events of 2016 is
a very low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clicking. Please …

Mediterranean-type climates are defined by temperate, wet winters, and hot or warm dry
summers and exist at the western edges of five continents in locations determined by the …

Observations reveal a poleward expansion of the tropics in recent decades, implying a
potential role of human activity. However, although theory and modelling suggest increasing …

Despite a steady increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), global-mean surface
temperature (T) has shown no discernible warming since about 2000, in sharp contrast to …

Abstract The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major component of the Earth's
climate that largely influences global climate variability through long‐distance …

A consistent weakening and poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation is diagnosed in
the climate change simulations of the IPCC AR4 project. Associated with this widening is a …

Abstract The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) is a 40–60 year quasi-oscillation seen
mostly in the Pacific basin, but its impacts on surface temperature (T) and precipitation (P) …

Abstract The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a profound influence on global
climate and ecosystems. Determining how the ENSO responds to greenhouse warming is a …