With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

Ultrafast spectroscopy techniques use sequences of ultrashort light pulses (with femto-to
attosecond durations) to study photoinduced dynamical processes in atoms, molecules …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

INTRODUCTION Retinal is a light-sensitive protein ligand that is used by all domains of life
to process the information and energy content of light. Retinal-binding proteins are integral …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump and a model membrane transport
protein. We used time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at an x-ray free electron …

Ultrafast processes in light-absorbing proteins have been implicated in the primary step in
the light-to-energy conversion and the initialization of photoresponsive biological functions …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pum** and ensure …

Riboswitches are structural RNA elements that are generally located in the 5′ untranslated
region of messenger RNA. During regulation of gene expression, ligand binding to the …

In 2013 we established a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technique called microcrystal
electron diffraction (MicroED). Since that time, data collection and analysis schemes have …