Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra
are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems …

BACKGROUND Effects of recent global warming have been documented in every biome on
Earth. Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services against future impacts requires …

During the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic
changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Recent research using repeat photography, long-term ecological monitoring and
dendrochronology has documented shrub expansion in arctic, high-latitude and alpine …

Algae, the dominant primary producers in many aquatic ecosystems, are critical to global
biogeochemical cycling, and changes in their abundance and composition can cascade …

Temperature is increasing at unprecedented rates across most of the tundra biome. Remote-
sensing data indicate that contemporary climate warming has already resulted in increased …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

The last 6000years are of particular interest to the understanding of the Earth System
because the boundary conditions of the climate system did not change dramatically (in …

Recent observations of changes in some tundra ecosystems appear to be responses to a
warming climate. Several experimental studies have shown that tundra plants and …