▪ Abstract RNA viruses exploit all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure their
survival. Distinctive features of RNA virus replication include high mutation rates, high yields …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals.
The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen …

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to play a crucial role in the termination of the
acute primary HIV-1 syndrome, but clear evidence for this presumption has been lacking …

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections
among infants and young children in both develo** and developed countries. There are …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a
quasispecies dynamics. Mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus identified. Since then, FMDV
has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on …

Evolution of equine influenza A H3N8 viruses was examined by antigenic and genetic
analysis of a collection of isolates from around the world. It was noted that antigenic and …

Escape of picornaviruses from neutralization by monoclonal antibodies is mediated by
substitutions of very few, defined amino acid residues of the capsid, generally located on the …

Viral quasispecies are closely related (but nonidentical) mutant and recombinant viral
genomes subjected to continuous genetic variation, competition, and selection …

A number of virologic and environmental factors are involved in the emergence and re-
emergence of viral disease. Viruses do not conservatively occupy a single and permanent …