For more than two decades, chloroquine (CQ) was largely and deliberately used as first
choice drug for malaria treatment. However, worldwide increasing cases of resistant strains …

When porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was isolated more than 40 years ago as a non-
pathogenic contaminant of a porcine kidney cell line, enthusiasm and curiosity kept within …

The first steps of human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) infection were previously
described. The virus binds to target cells by use of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and …

The NALP3 inflammasome is activated by low intracellular potassium concentrations [K+] i,
leading to the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. However, the mechanism of …

With the emergence of highly pathogenic variant strains, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
(PEDV) has led to significant economic loss in the global swine industry. Many studies have …

Although doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) are widely used in clinic as
chemotherapeutics, both drug substances are found to be glycoprotein P (P-gp) substrates …

Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus,
poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine …

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the major causative gene product of autosomal-
dominant Parkinson's disease, is a protein kinase that phosphorylates a subset of Rab …

Exosomes are cell-derived extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm in size and are involved in
intercellular communication. Because of their bioactive cargo, consisting of proteins, RNA …

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent for porcine circovirus-
associated disease (PCVAD). PCVAD has been the cause of considerable economic losses …