Cancer is a leading public health problem worldwide. Its treatment remains a daunting
challenge, although significant progress has been made in existing treatments in recent …

Cancer immunotherapy works by stimulating and strengthening the body's anti-tumor
immune response to eliminate cancer cells. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has …

As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor
immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss …

In the wake of the success of modern immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are currently
seen as a potential therapeutic option for patients with cancer who do not respond or fail to …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) activates host's anti-tumor immune response by blocking
negative regulatory immune signals. A series of clinical trials showed that ICI could …

Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-
tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are …

Simple Summary The tumor immune escape mechanisms are key factors in cancer
progression and metastasis. They are an undeniable hurdle for successful cancer treatment …

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a key role against cancer. However, malignant cells are
able to evade the immune response and establish a very complex balance in which different …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase
(TDO) are tryptophan catabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into …

During tumor progression, a subset of cancer cells escape from immune surveillance and
eventually develop into measurable tumor mass. Cancer immunotherapy eradicates tumor …