Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that
occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical …

Viruses are ubiquitous and extremely abundant in the marine environment. One of such
marine viruses, the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), has emerged globally as one of the …

Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and
societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone …

As invertebrates, shrimps rely on multiple innate defense reactions, including humoral
immunity and cellular immunity to recognize and eliminate various invaders, such as …

An 8 weeks regression study was performed to test the effects of increasing light intensities
from darkness to 30 W m− 2 on growth performance, molting, antioxidant capacity, and gene …

ABSTRACT In the period from 1970-1990, the worldwide shrimp industry was dependent on
post larvae (PL) from wild sources. Grow-out systems were relatively simple, water …

In nature, viral coinfection is as widespread as viral infection alone. Viral coinfections often
cause altered viral pathogenicity, disrupted host defense, and mixed-up clinical symptoms …

Viral diseases of shrimp have caused negative effects on the economy in several countries
in Asia, South America and America, where they have numerous shrimp culture industries …

Histological examinations were carried out with 400 cultivated black tiger shrimp (Penaeus
monodon) from 12 commercial rearing ponds from three different areas in Thailand over a …

The much-publicised increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics
has focused research effort on the characterization of new antimicrobial drugs. In this …