In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are
overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
progressive loss of axonal myelin in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that …

Neuroinflammation driven by interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and microglial activation has been
linked to neurological disease. However, the effects of IFN‐γ‐activated microglia on …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in
incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is …

Background Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the blood–brain barrier
(BBB) is vital for neuronal equilibrium and optimal brain function. Disruptions to BBB …

Aim The current study aimed to investigate the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression
and the potential anti‐inflammatory effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in vivo, utilizing …

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder of the central nervous
system (CNS) characterized by the recruitment of self-reactive T lymphocytes, mainly …

Together with its dominant immunological and bone remodeling involvement, RRO axis,
comprising of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and …

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the common clinical neurological emergencies.
Its incidence accounts for about 5–9% of cerebral stroke patients. Even surviving patients …

The 80+ existing autoimmune disorders (ADs) affect billions with little prevention or
treatment options, except for temporary symptomatic management, leading to enormous …