The emergence of a specialized system for food digestion and nutrient absorption was a
crucial innovation for multicellular organisms. Digestive systems with different levels of …

Insulin has not only made major contributions to the field of clinical medicine but has also
played central roles in the advancement of fundamental molecular biology, including …

Identifying the molecular fingerprint of organismal cell types is key for understanding their
function and evolution. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to survey the …

Cnidarians (for example, sea anemones and jellyfish) develop from an outer ectodermal and
inner endodermal germ layer, whereas bilaterians (for example, vertebrates and flies) …

Neuropeptides are evolutionarily ancient mediators of neuronal signalling in nervous
systems. With recent advances in genomics/transcriptomics, an increasingly wide range of …

Despite their pivotal role, the evolutionary origins of vertebrate digestive systems remain
enigmatic. We explored the cellular characteristics of the amphioxus (Branchiostoma …

The identity and function of a given cell type relies on the differential expression of gene
batteries that promote diverse phenotypes and functional specificities. Therefore, the …

A six-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary isoleucine level on
growth, myofiber histology, and mRNA levels of genes related to amino acid, glucose and …

This study estimated the effects of different dietary carbohydrate levels on growth
performance, feed utilization, body composition, and the gene expression of key enzymes …

The nervous system of the free-living planktonic larvae of sea urchins is relatively “simple,”
but sufficiently complex to enable sensing of the environment and control of swimming and …