Mendelian randomization (MR) is a term that applies to the use of genetic variation to
address causal questions about how modifiable exposures influence different outcomes …

Population-based prospective studies, such as UK Biobank, are valuable for generating and
testing hypotheses about the potential causes of human disease. We describe how UK …

While volunteer-based studies such as the UK Biobank have become the cornerstone of
genetic epidemiology, the participating individuals are rarely representative of their target …

Numerous observational studies have attempted to identify risk factors for infection with
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease outcomes. Studies have used datasets sampled from …

It is unclear whether transgender and gender-diverse individuals have elevated rates of
autism diagnosis or traits related to autism compared to cisgender individuals in large non …

Fields as diverse as human genetics and sociology are increasingly using polygenic scores
based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for phenotypic prediction. However …

Large studies use genotype data to discover genetic contributions to complex traits and infer
relationships between those traits. Co-incident geographical variation in genotypes and …

The trait of participating in a genetic study probably has a genetic component. Identifying this
component is difficult as we cannot compare genetic information of participants with …

Genetic association results are often interpreted with the assumption that study participation
does not affect downstream analyses. Understanding the genetic basis of participation bias …

We respond to criticisms of Mendelian randomization (MR) by Mukamal, Stampfer and Rimm
(MSR). MSR consider that MR is receiving too much attention and should be renamed. We …