Pest insect species are a burden to humans as they destroy crops and serve as vectors for a
wide range of diseases including malaria and dengue. Chemical insecticides are currently …

Toxins and venom components that target voltage-gated sodium (Na V) channels have
evolved numerous times due to the importance of this class of ion channels in the normal …

Three-finger toxins (3FTx) represent one of the most abundantly secreted and potently toxic
components of colubrid (Colubridae), elapid (Elapidae) and psammophid (Psammophiinae …

Venomous animals including cone snails, spiders, scorpions, anemones, and snakes have
evolved a myriad of components in their venoms that target the opening and/or closing of …

In millions of years, spiders have optimized their venoms in order to assure successful prey
capture and defence against predators. Spider venoms have become unique cocktails of …

Neurotrophins are a diverse class of structurally related proteins, essential for neuronal
development, survival, plasticity and regeneration. They are characterized by major family …

While snake venoms have been the subject of intense study, comparatively little work has
been done on lizard venoms. In this study, we have examined the structural and functional …

The ICK (inhibitor cystine knot) defines a large superfamily of polypeptides with high
structural stability and functional diversity. Here, we describe a new scorpion venom-derived …

The intense pain induced by scorpion sting is a frequent clinical manifestation. To date,
there is no established protocol with significant efficacy to alleviate the pain induced by …

This review categorizes functionally validated actions of defined scorpion toxin (SCTX)
neuropeptides across ion channel subclasses, highlighting key trends in this rapidly …