Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational
stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID …

Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

The recent sequencing of the entire genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and M.
pneumoniae has attracted considerable attention to the molecular biology of mycoplasmas …

How does the host sense pathogens? Our present concepts grew directly from longstanding
efforts to understand infectious disease: how microbes harm the host, what molecules are …

TLR2 in association with TLR1 or TLR6 plays an important role in the innate immune
response by recognizing microbial lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Here we present the …

This Feature Article discusses several classes of lipopeptide with important biomedical
applications as antimicrobial and antifungal agents, in immune therapies and in personal …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family acts as pattern recognition receptors for pathogen-
specific molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR2 is essential for the signaling of a variety of …

Apoptosis is implicated in the generation and resolution of inflammation in response to
bacterial pathogens. All bacterial pathogens produce lipoproteins (BLPs), which trigger the …

This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-
like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various …

Arthrofactin (AF) and surfactin (SF) are the most effective cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants
ever reported. Linear AF and linear SF were prepared by saponification of lactone ring. The …