Investigations of the electrophysiology of crustacean cardiac ganglia over the last half-
century are reviewed for their contributions to elucidating the cellular mechanisms and …

Heart beat arises myogenically in primitive crustaceans, but neurogenic dive is
superimposed in malacostracans. The vascular system of malacostracans possesses …

The peripheral nervous system in gastropods plays a key role in the neural control of
behaviors, but is poorly studied in comparison with the central nervous system. Peripheral …

Theoretical studies have suggested that the output of a central pattern generator (CPG) must
be matched to the properties of its peripheral effector system to ensure production of …

An attempt is made to explain the evolution of different cardiovascular morphologies of
crustaceans on the basis of (1) changes in the development of the body plan of different …

In the crustacean neurogenic heart, the cardiac ganglion (CG) acts as a peripherally located
central pattern generator (CPG) by producing rhythmic motor output that initiates the …

The heart of Squilla oratoria contains a cardiac ganglion that consists of 15 intrinsic neurons,
supplied by a pair of inhibitory nerves and two pairs of excitatory nerves, arising from the …

The sea roach is an isopod with 14 legs; owing to its many degrees of freedom and
coordination thereof, it can walk rapidly on rough terrain. Although there likely exists a …

The crustacean cardiac ganglion (CG) is composed of 6-16 neurons, 9 in most decapods,
that autonomously provide rhythmically recurring barrages of action potentials to activate the …

In the adult heart of the isopod crustacean Ligia exotica, the cardiac ganglion acts as the
primary pacemaker with the myocardium having a latent pacemaker property. We show …